Medical patients construct schematic representations of illness which may impact on their recovery and adjustment with their medical condition. The purpose of the present study was to examine relationship between the history of myocardial infraction (MI) and illness representations among post-MI patients. One hundred seventy six consecutive patients following MI admitted to the CCU wards were selected. Brief Illness Perception questionnaire (B-IPQ), Beck Depression Inventory and demographic questionnaire were used. Chi-squared test, Student's t-test, MANCOVA and Covariance were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that 30.1% had previous MI. The results of MANCOVA indicated that Significant difference between two groups in B-IPQ scores (F= 2.653, P= 0.025). The results of covariance showed that significant differences in three domains of illness perception including identity (F= 4.776, P= 0.03), consequences (F= 70671, P= 0.006) and timeline (F= 10.092, P= 0.002). However, there were no significant differences in controllability (F=0.165 P= 0.687) and treatability (F=0.26, P=0.611) between two groups. Findings confirmed that the post MI patients with previous MI form more negative illness cognitions than the post MI patients with first MI, that is, they interpreted their MI as a more adverse event. Thus, previous MI may impact on perception of identity, consequences and timeline of MI. However, these findings did not support such effects for perception of controllability and treatability of the disease. Therefore, post MI patients with previous MI likely develop negative schema about some dimensions of illness perception.

The ethical actions are important because of the priority of the mission goal and their close relationship with social progress and development. Therefore, the purpose of this research is the identification and social analysis of these types of actions among the verses of revelation and it deals with the effect of ethical actions in the production of social capital in the process of progress based on religious teachings and answers these questions based on the Quranic teachings. What impact do ethical actions (behavior) have on the formation of social progress? How do moral actions generate social capital and influence progress (development)? What coordinates, examples and dimensions does this group of actions have? What are the effects and consequences of this group of actions? Those actions that are desirable and progressive in the development of social interactions have been socially studied, analyzed and searched by using the inductive content analysis method. Honesty, trustworthiness and fulfillment of an obligation, altruism (Arabic: إیثار, self-sacrifice), asking forgiveness or istighfār (Arabic: استغفار ʾistiġfār), and forgiving others, kindness, non-violence, chastity and purity, patience and honesty and benevolent actions combined with social supervision have been discussed, which lead to sincerity, togetherness, coherence and expansion of social interactions and emotional relationships far from hatred and warm and emotional relationships and as a result, it causes the production of social capital and its improvement and will lead to the density of actions focused on purpose and excellence that are necessary for progress.

Background & Aim: Myocardial infarction is a common and dangerous life threatening disease with an impact on quality of life. The present descriptive-analytical study aims to determine quality of life in patients with myocardial infarction referring to Hadjar hospital affiliated to the Shahre-kord University of Medical Sciences.Material & Method: This was a descriptive-analytical study in which 150 patients admitted to cardiac care unit of Hadja hospital within 8 weeks post infarction were selected by non random sampling method. Data were collected through interview, patients’ medical records and patients self report. The tool for collecting data regarding quality of life was SF36 questionnaire. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics.Results: Findings showed that the mean value of age was 55.7±10.5 and that quality of life in majority of subjects (%53) was fairly favorable. Regarding aspects of quality of life, most patients had fairly favorable general status (physical and psychological health) (%62) and social function (%65). Also, sleep pattern of majority of subjects (%61) was favorable and most of them (62%) had unfavorable physical activity. There was statistically significant correlation between quality of life and variables such as duration of disease (P<0.05), intensity of pain (P<0.05), decline or loss of job function, and the degree of fatigue (P<0.05), but there was no statistically significant relationship between quality of life and other demographics as age, gender, marital status, economic status and occupational status.Conclusion: Because fatigue and pain have some relationship with quality of life in patient with myocardial infarction, health care personnel, spatially nurses should pay attention to dimensions of quality of life when planning care for these patients. Failure to do so may leads to quality of life of patients to be neglected.

Introduction: Alternative punishments of imprisonment, which are called as a new approach of the penal system to fight against the negative consequences of prison, have many effects and consequences that need to be investigated. Therefore, in this study, while examining the types of alternative punishments, the moral and social effects of the implementation of these punishments have been explored. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted using an analytical-descriptive method. In this study, in order to provide an appropriate answer to the question presented, by referring to the theoretical bases (books) and articles published in the ISC, Magiran, Civilica, SID and Ensani in the years 2011 to 2023 and with the method of extracting the existing legal provisions, the effectiveness of this type of punishment was also criticized in reaching the intended goals. Conclusion: The results of this study show that with the implementation of such punishments, the level of public trust, the growth of morals and social capital in the society will also improve. Therefore, the implementation of these punishments, while reducing the criminal population of prisoners and reforming them, provides better implementation of social justice and improvement of public trust, emotional and financial support for the families of criminals

This paper examines the liberal society that Popper lauds, that aims to be truly open, and discusses why another, more communitarian kind of society, particularly societies in Africa, may also reflect the quest for intellectual openness that is Popper’s ideal. Moreover, this paper avers reasons why Popper should be comfortable with such a liberal-communitarian mix. The inter-subjectivity in his critical rationalism is a balance of an explicit individualism, and an implicit social element (Afisi, 2016a). Popper is indeed an author of such a balance. For a society to be truly open requires the careful recognition and protection of individual freedom. However, the extent to which individuals are free to perform actions that they desire without external constraints, and the level of their individuality in relation to others when performing such actions, remain a contentious issue between liberals and more communitarian thinkers. Popper’s critical rationalism provides the necessary impetus to this contention through his view of freedom that I contend can best be viewed as carefully balanced, a view which combines individuality with a social element that upholds community values necessary for openness of society. With this combination, Popper’s politics of liberalism provides an effective model of how a truly open society can be achieved. The values inherent to Popper’s liberalism including those concerning intellectual openness, individual freedom, mutual respect, measured self-respect, welfarism, humanitarianism, accountability, critical debates and feedback from the citizens, together concern the conditions for a society to be truly open. There are many competing thoughts as to what openness might be in Popper’s philosophy. The present study of Popper does not presume to address them all. The focus here is specifically on using Popper’s idea of critical rationalism to balance relations between liberal politics of individual rights and freedom, and communitarian politics of the common good, as it relates to situations about how socio-economic and political conditions in Africa societies should be structured. While I contend that Popper’s works in political philosophy focused centrally on Western political tradition, and not about Africa in its strict sense, significant lessons can be distilled from Popper that can offer suggestions on social reforms in Africa. This paper explores Popper’s project of the open society across the plurality and differences of societies, so that his liberal ideas of individual freedom are not undermined, and the progress of the communitarian idea of the common good, that Africa societies are built upon, is also well enhanced. Liberal individualism and community values inherent to communitarianism are both well accommodated within Popper’s critical rationalism.

Background & Objectives: Recognition of epidemiology of acute myocardial infraction (AMI) in every region could be a need for design the programs for prevention of AMI. In this study we assessed the epidemiology of changes in AMI from 2002-2006 in Birjand (east of Iran).Methods: All of the patients which hospitalized by AMI diagnosis from 2002-2006 years, included in this study. We compared mean of age, gender, location of living, medications used, condition at discharge and cardiac risk factors in this period.Results: From 1233 patients, 880 were male (71.4%). Overall, mean age of patients was 62.2±12.8 years and in five years was increased (from 61.7±13.2 in 2002 to 63.5±12.4 in 2006 & p=0.37). The most risk factors in patients were: Hypertension (HTN) (34.8%), cigarette smoking (32.1%) & dyslipidemia (24%). These risk factors did not show any significantly changes during 5 years. But the the prevalence of HTN (30.9% in 2002 to 38% in 2006, p=0.62) and DM (15.5% in 2002 to 21% in 2006, p=0.23) raised. Cardiac drugs use tended to increase during 5 years, however only this increase about STK & Statin was statistically significant. The hospital mortality rate was decreased in 5 years (11.3%) but it was not statistically significant (p=0.48).Conclusions: Regarding the accelerating the rate of AMI, designing an appropriate prograrme for prevention and modifying cardiac risk factors is recommended.

Introduction: This research has been established with the aim of the comparison of psychological risk factors such az depression, anxiety, psychosocial stress, type D personality, mindfulness among patients with and without myocardial infarction relapse. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 60 heart patients were selected amoung the patients admitted to the H. Zahra hospital in Sari city (Iran). The patient divided into two groups: 30 patients with one myocardial infarction and 30 patients with two or more myocardial infraction. Psychological risk factors such as type D personality, depression, anxiety, psycho-social stress, mindfulness were evaluated by the questionnaires including Denollet type D personality, anxiety, depression and stress Lovibond & Lovibond and Brawn & Ryan’s mindfulness scales.Results: No significant differences were found between two groups regarding to blood pressure, heredical problem, diet, kidney stone, cholesterol (LDL), smoking, and diabetes (P>0.05). Anxiety with a direct effect (P=0.017) and type D personality with an indirect effect (P=0.011) could predict relapse of myocardial infraction (p<0.05), but depression and psychosocial stress and mindfulness could not have any effect on the prediction of myocardial infraction relapse (P>0.05).Conclusion: Given the role of anxiety and type D personality in myocardial infraction, it is suggested for the sufficient training to reduce anxiety and inhibition of expression of negative excitement and social dissuasion to prevention of relapse myocardial infraction.